In the field of Civil Engineering, several fascinating post graduate specializations cater to different aspects of infrastructure and construction. Let's explore some of them:
1. Structural Engineering:
- Structural engineers design large structures such as buildings, bridges, and dams. They ensure these structures can withstand natural disasters like earthquakes and high winds.
- Projects: Bridge design, skyscrapers, home improvements, and vehicle and airplane design.
2. Construction Engineering and Management:
- This specialization focuses on project management principles, building code regulations, and safe, functional, and sustainable construction practices.
- Students learn how to manage resources, equipment, and budgets for successful construction projects.
3. Environmental Engineering:
- Environmental engineers work on projects related to water quality, waste management, pollution control, and sustainable development.
- They address environmental challenges in infrastructure planning and design.
4. Transportation Engineering and Planning:
- Transportation engineers design and optimize transportation systems, including roads, highways, railways, and airports.
- They consider traffic flow, safety, and efficiency in their designs.
5. Geotechnical Engineering:
- Geotechnical engineers study soil and rock properties to assess their stability and suitability for construction.
- They work on foundation design, slope stability, and soil improvement techniques.
6. Water Resources Engineering:
- Water resources engineers manage water supply, distribution, and wastewater treatment systems.
- They address issues related to water availability, flood control, and sustainable water management.
7. Coastal Engineering:
- Coastal engineers deal with projects near coastlines, including beach erosion control, harbor design, and coastal protection structures.
- They balance environmental conservation with human needs.
The grade of concrete refers to the strength and quality of concrete specified for a particular construction project. It indicates the compressive strength of the concrete that it can achieve after a specified curing period. Let’s delve into the details:
Concrete Grade Calculation:
- The grade of concrete is denoted by a letter “M” followed by a number (e.g., M10, M20, M30).
- The “M” stands for “mix”, and the number represents the compressive strength of the concrete in megapascals (MPa) after 28 days of curing.
- For example, if we mention M10 concrete, it means that the concrete has a characteristic compressive strength of 10 N/mm² at 28 days.
Mix Proportions:
- Concrete is made by mixing several ingredients: cement, sand, aggregate, and water.
- The mix ratio determines the proportions of these materials.
- Different grades of concrete have varying mix proportions.
Common Concrete Grades:
- Here are some standard concrete grades along with their mix proportions and compressive strengths:
Grade Mix Ratio (Cement: Sand: Aggregates) Compressive Strength (MPa) M5 1:5:10 5 MPa M7.5 1:4:8 7.5 MPa M10 1:3:6 10 MPa M15 1:2:4 15 MPa M20 1:1.5:3 20 MPa M25 1:1:2 25 MPa M30 Design Mix 30 MPa British/European Standards:
- According to BS 8500-2 British/European standards, the grade of concrete is denoted as C10, C15, C20, C25, etc.
- The “C” signifies “Concrete Strength class”, and the number behind it refers to the characteristic compressive strength of concrete in N/mm² at 28 days.
In summary, the grade of concrete plays a crucial role in ensuring the structural integrity of buildings and infrastructure. It’s essential to choose the appropriate grade based on the specific requirements of each construction project.
Civil Engineering Events like Conference, Workshop, Exhibition, Seminar are essential for students, academician and field engineers to get update on the latest development in the field of Civil Engineering.
The technical events are organized by several organization and institutions periodically every year. Further to get update of academic events using your android app, there is an exclusive app called Civil Engineering Events which is available free from Google Play Store. Also, this app allows user to submit their events free without any restriction. The submitted content will be reviewed by technical team before publishing.
Civil Engineering Events
Website : www.AcademicEvents.cf
Price: 0 USD
The article outlines to display top android tools for Civil Engineering Students. We have tried to select a variety of apps catering the needs of an engineering students in the field of Civil Engineering.
These apps are all pretty awesome and worth downloading. The selected different android apps are useful for students preparing exams, calculator tools, magazines etc., In particular all the apps are free to download without restriction.
App updates all research news in the field of Civil Engineering and its sub domain. World research news are updated at regular interval.
Price: 0 USD
All Civil Engineering magazines are updated every month by including sub domain like Enviromental Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Construction management, Architecture, etc.,
Price: 0 USD
Play and Learn Civil Engineering topics. It is found to be the best app to play with subject topics. Essentail app for Civil Engineering students.
Price: 0 USD
Learn all Civil Engineering Subject topics from basics to advanced, the allows user to read and bookmark the topics. Further the app is useful for students preparing interview and exams.
Price: 0 USD
Stream all Civil Engineering Subject lectures from basics to advanced, the lectures are taken by professors of top institutes. Complete database on all video lectures are available with user friendly interface.
Price: 0 USD
App updates all GATE Civil Engineering question papers with answers, the app includes all key for question papers with answers. This app includes 20+ years of questions with answers.
Price: 0 USD
Final word.... These apps are serving basic needs for all Civil Engineering Students and Graduates.
AIM
To determine the penetration value of given Bitumen.
THEORY
The consistency of bituminous material varies depending up on several factors such as constituents, temperature, etc. Determination of absolute viscosity of bituminous material is not so easy. Therefore, the consistencies of these materials are determined by indirect method. Penetration value is an indirect method of measurement of hardness or consistency of bituminous material. It is the vertical distance traversed or penetrated by the point of a standard needle into the bituminous material under specific conditions of load, time and temperature. This distance is measured in one tenth of a millimeter. Softer the bitumen greater will be the penetration. The penetration test is widely used for classifying the bitumen in to different grades. The BIS has standardised the penetration test equipment and the test procedure. It is not regarded as suitable for use in connection with the testing of road tar because of the high surface tension exhibited by these materials and the fact that they contain relatively large amount of free carbon.
APPARATUS
a) Container - A metal or glass cylindrical, flat bottom container of essentially the following dimensions shall be used:
For penetrations below 225:
Diameter, mm - 55
Internal depth, mm - 35
For penetrations between 225 and 350:
Diameter, mm - 70
Internal depth, mm - 45
b) Needle- A straight highly polished cylindrical stainless steel rod. The needle is provided with a shank approximately 3 mm in diameter into which it is immovably fixed. The taper shall be symmetrical and the point shall be 'blunted' by grinding to a truncated cone.
c) Water Bath - A water bath preferably with a thermostat maintained at 25.0 ± 0.1 °C (containing not less than 10 litres of water. The sample being
immersed to a depth of not less than 100 mm from the top and supported on a perforated shelf not less than 50 mm from the bottom of the bath.
d) Transfer Dish - A small dish or tray, provided with some means which ensure a firm bearing and prevent the rocking of the container, and of such capacity as will ensure complete immersion of the container during the test.
e) Thermometer – a thermometer of range 0 to 44 °C.
f) Time device- For hand operated penetrometers, a timer device or stop watch, accurate to 0.1 second.
PROCEDURE
1. The bitumen is heated to a pouring consistency, about 75 to 100°C above the temperature at which bitumen softens. The sample is thoroughly stirred to make it homogeneous and free from air bubbles and water.
2. The sample is poured into the container of 35 mm depth (to a depth at least 10 mm more than the expected penetration).
3. The sample containers are placed on the transfer tray and cooled in atmosphere at temperature between 15 to 30 °C for 60 to 90 minutes.
4. Transfer the tray with containers is placed in the thermostatically controlled water bath maintained at a temperature of 25.0±0.1 °C for a period of 60 to 90 minutes (for testing bitumen with penetration value between 225 and 350, the container of depth 45 mm and diameter 70mm is used and the cooling period in atmosphere and in water bath is 90 to 120 minutes each.)
5. The transfer tray with sample container and water is removed from the water bath and placed under the needle of penetrometer.
6. Using adjusting screw, the needle assembly is lowered and the tip of the needle is made to just touch the top surface of bitumen sample and the needle assembly is clamped in this position.
7. The contact of the tipoff the needle is checked using the mirror placed on the rear of the needle. The initial reading of penetrometer dial is either adjusted to zero or the initial reading is taken before releasing the needle.
8. The needle is released exactly for a period of5.0 seconds by pressing the knob and the final reading is taken on the dial.
9. The needle assembly is then raised and the penetration needle is removed and replaced by a clean, dry needle.
10. At least three such measurements are made on this sample at testing distance of not less than 10 mm apart. After each test the needle is designated and cleaned with benzene and carefully dried. The test is repeated on the sample in the other containers, after keeping in the water bath maintained at a temperature of 25°C.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS
Period of curing in atmosphere =
Period of curing in water bath =
|
Penetrometer Dial Reading |
Test 1 |
Test 2 |
Test 3 |
|
Initial |
|
|
|
|
Final |
|
|
|
|
Penetration Value |
|
|
|
Mean penetration value =
RESULT
Penetration value of bitumen =
INFERENCE FROM TEST
Penetration test is most commonly adopted test in bitumen to determine the grade of material in terms of its hardness because of its simplicity. The penetration grades of bitumen are generally denoted as 80/100, 60/70, or 30/40 grade bitumen. 80/100 bitumen denote that the penetration value of the binder ranges between 80 and 100. The penetration value of various type of bitumen used in pavement construction in this country ranges between 20 to 225. The appropriate grade of bitumen binder to be used for road construction work is decided depending upon the climatic condition of the project site, the type of construction / specification and the pavement layer (base course binder / course surface / course). Harder grade of bitumen binder with lower penetration value is generally used in warm region. In cooler region bitumen with higher penetration value is generally used. However, binders which become very stiff at low temperature are not preferred for road construction in region with cold weather.
Reference Code : IS:8887-2004
AIM
To test the Bitumen Emulsion for coagulation at low temperature to ensure the homogeneity and stability, if exposed or stored at sub-zero temperature.
APPARATUS
a) Boiling tube
b) Water bath
c) Refrigerator
d) Glass rod
e) 600-micron IS sieve
f) Beakers -Two, 600 ml capacity
PROCEDURE
1. Sieve bitumen emulsion through 600-micron IS sieve
2. 20 ml of previously sieved homogenous bitumen emulsion is transferred in to a boiling tube
3. The temperature of this boiling tube is brought to 30°C by plunging the tube into water bath previously set at 30°C with gentle stirring by a glass rod.
4. Once the temperature of bitumen emulsion is constant at 30°C, the tube is plunged into ice bath or refrigerator previously set to 0°C with slow stirring by rod.
5. Once the temperature of emulsion reaches 0°C, discontinue stirring and the tube is transferred into another beaker with a freezing mixture at a temperature of -3 to -4°C for 30 minutes.
6. Finally, the tube is removed from refrigerator and brought to room temperature without any disturbance
7. The emulsion is filtered through 600 micron IS sieve and sieve is washed with distilled water and checked for residual bitumen coagulation.
FINDING FROM TEST
The emulsion has passed the test, if there is no coagulation.
SPECIFICATION DETAILS
As per IS 8887:2004, coagulation at Low Temperature should be NIL
Soils are formed by weathering of rocks due to Mechanical disintegration or Chemical decomposition. When rock surface are exposed to atmosphere for considerable period of time,
( contineous heating and cooling of rock ) result in disintegrates or decomposes to form soil.
Formation of Soil also happens due to physical reaction and chemical reaction over the surface
1. Physical Disintegration
2. Chemical decomposition of rocks
Soil Classification is separation of soil into classes or groups each having similar characteristics and behaviour. Classification for engineering purpose should be based mainly on mechanical properties.
Like: Permeability, Stiffness, Strength etc.,
Classification based on Grain Size
Soil particles
1.Fine soil
- below 0.002mm are clay
- between 0.002 to 0.075mm are silt
- between 0.075 to 4.75mm are sand
- between 4.75 to 80mm are gravel size
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
Recent Comments