Its a technique used in Road Construction (Flexible Pavement).
Does not pollute the environment, during the process of paving roads.
What is Cold Mix?
Does not pollute the environment, during the process of paving roads.
What is Cold Mix?
It is a mixture of Bitumen Emulsion and Aggregate at ambient temperature, to mix bitumen emulsion with aggregate there is no need of heating process. The bitumen emulsion remains liquid at room temperature.
What is Bitumen Emulsion?
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquid which are non-mixable. When bitumen is suspended with water in the presence of emulsifiers it forms bitumen emulsion. The emulsifiers are divided into Anionic Emulsifiers and Cationic Emulsifiers.
Types of Emulsion
1.Anionic Emulsion
2.Cationic Emulsion
3.Non Ionic Emulsion
Where Cold Mix Technology can be used?
1. It is useful in areas where there is a longer distance between job site and batching plant.
2. It can be used in locations that have a very low and moderate temperature (<40 degree C)
Advantages of Cold Mix Technology
1.There is no option for heating the bitumen mix (no heating process).
2.It is environment friendly and does not create pollution (no pollution).
3.Does not requires costly equipment and high workability.
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| Used for Cold Mix process |
4.Option to engage Unskilled Labours.
5.Work can be carried in almost all weather season ie. wet and humid climate.
6.It increase the speed of work activity
Indian Motor Vehicles Act categories the Traffic Signs into
- Regulatory Sign or Mandatory Sign
- Warning Sign or Cautionary Sign
- Informatory Sign
Regulatory Signs
Inform the road users of certain laws, regulations and prohibitions. Violating the law is a legal offense
The center line layout or position on the ground surface is called Alignment.There are two types of Alignments horizontal Alignment and Vertical Alignment.
Horizontal Alignment includes the straight path,curves or deviation in horizontal direction.
Vertical Alignment includes vertical curves and gradient on the ground.
But it is difficult to change the alignment once the road is construction, so care has to be taken in finalizing the alignment.
Basic Requirement of an Ideal Alignment
- It should have a shortest path.
- The alignment must be easy to construct and maintain and also it should be easy for vehicle operation.
- It should be safe in case of designing the horizontal and vertical curves.
- The alignment should be selected in such a way that it is economical during construction.
Factors Controlling Alignment
Obligatory Points
- These are control points governing the alignment of Highways.
- Points through which the Alignment has to pass
- Hill Pass
- Location of Bridge
- Connecting Intermediate Town
- Avoiding an Intermediate Area
- Points through which the Alignment should not pass
- If it is a case of religious place like temple, mosque, church ,grave etc. The Alignment should not pass as per law.
Traffic
- Alignment should be selected based on traffic surveys. Origin and Destination study should be carried out in that area and also we have to consider the future development in that road network.
- Alignment is decided based on the design of horizontal and vertical curves, sight distance and gradient of that section. It is also decided based on the Design Speed of that Highway.
- It is based on the initial cost of construction and maintenance cost of the road, if it a shortest path the cost of construction will be reduced.(Decision is based on Quantity of Cutting and Filling of Earth.)
- Common problems in hill roads are land sliding, stability of road, providing adequate drainage facility, reducing hairpin bends, needless raise and fall.
A Multipurpose machine which is used to replacing and laying railway track and turnout elements. The machine runs on four hydraulically driven caterpillar tracks, which are located on arms that can be telescoped horizontally and vertically. The machine is capable of redirect route of 90 degrees and moving in lengthwise and crosswise direction of railway track.
The machine can lift and move loads of up to 40 meters in length and 5 meters in width and weighing up to 36 tonnes.Also it is fully Automated system with remote control. A Video relating to the work is shown below.
The machine can lift and move loads of up to 40 meters in length and 5 meters in width and weighing up to 36 tonnes.Also it is fully Automated system with remote control. A Video relating to the work is shown below.
Setting Time of Cement
Using Vicat Apparatus the percentage of water required for producing a cement paste can be determined. The apparatus consist of a Vicat plunger having 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate a depth around 33 to 35 mm from the top of the mould. Take 500gms of cement and prepare a paste with a water around 24 percentage by the weight of the cement. See that the paste is prepared and filled in mould with in 3 to 5 minutes.
A Vicat Plunger of 10 mm diameter which is 50 mm long is attached is attached and brought down to touch the surface of the paste in that block and quickly release the needle in such a way that it sink into the cement paste by its own weight. Conduct similar number of trials by increasing the water percentage so that the penetration depth is in the range of 33 to 35 mm.The percentage of water required for making cement paste can be calculated by this method. Usually the test is conducted with a constant temperature of 27° ± 2°. In practice while you use a cement material for construction there should be a elapsing time for transporting and placing the cement mixture, so we need to find the initial setting time and final setting time.
A Vicat Plunger of 10 mm diameter which is 50 mm long is attached is attached and brought down to touch the surface of the paste in that block and quickly release the needle in such a way that it sink into the cement paste by its own weight. Conduct similar number of trials by increasing the water percentage so that the penetration depth is in the range of 33 to 35 mm.The percentage of water required for making cement paste can be calculated by this method. Usually the test is conducted with a constant temperature of 27° ± 2°. In practice while you use a cement material for construction there should be a elapsing time for transporting and placing the cement mixture, so we need to find the initial setting time and final setting time.
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| Vicat Apparatus |
The Initial setting time can be found by using a Vicat Apparatus, take around 500 gm of cement sample and mix it with 0.85 times the water percentage required to produce a cement paste. Start the stop watch from the moment you add water to the cement. A needle with 1mm sq. used in the test apparatus, after filling the cement paste release the needle to penetrate inside the cement paste. Repeat it untill the needle penetrate only to a depth of 33 to 35 mm. The period between the time from adding water to the penetration range is called the initial setting time. This is the stage were the cement starts loosing its plasticity.
The Final setting time can be done by same manner by replacing the needle with 5 mm diameter, the procedure is repeated until the paste attain its hardness that the needle does not penetrate more that 0.5 mm. Generally the Initial setting time should be less than 30 minutes ( for mixing and handling of the materials) and the final setting time should not be more than 10 hours.
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| Automated Vicat apparatus |
It is an art of determining the relative positions of point on earth surface.Take any type of Civil Engineering Project the first step in designing a project involves surveying, because the land surface which you use for construction may not be a level surface.
To make that particular land surface into a level one or to have a certain gradient,the application of surveying is used.,to know which section has to be cutted and filled. By means of using surveying we can accurately calculate the quantity of earth work to be filled and cutted.(particular project may be a road or a building work) The other side is measuring the land area which is used for construction.
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| Total Station |
Total station is one advanced electronic instrument using which we can take horizontal angle,vertical angle ,area,height and width of a structure very accurately.Its one instrument which has the application of many old surveying instrument, also the data which you take in surveying can be transfer-ed to computer and the profile of land can be projected.
Equilibrium Speed: It is the Speed at which centrifugal force developed during movement of the vehicle on a curved track is exactly balanced by the cant Provided.
Cant Excess:It happens when a train travels on curve at a speed lower than equilibrium speed
Over Head Sign Board
When we pass on by a National Highway you can find Over Head sign Board,which normally give message to the drivers about the route,diversions etc.
But the road network may have some diversion to city and one may be towards the destination, some times the road network may be blocked due to some traffic accident but practically the message may not reach the driver one who move on that road network this problem can be rectified by using variable message sign which gives message to the driver when he is about to cross the diversion point. This application helps in making the driver to travel toward that accident point or blocked area.
--Electronic Traffic Sign often used on roadways to give travelers information about special events
When we pass on by a National Highway you can find Over Head sign Board,which normally give message to the drivers about the route,diversions etc.
But the road network may have some diversion to city and one may be towards the destination, some times the road network may be blocked due to some traffic accident but practically the message may not reach the driver one who move on that road network this problem can be rectified by using variable message sign which gives message to the driver when he is about to cross the diversion point. This application helps in making the driver to travel toward that accident point or blocked area.
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